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It is very difficult to comment on which institute to do EM course in India because each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is upto you to decide on this by visiting their emergency depts and meeting people working there. If you are really serious you need to get first hand information before joining there. People who have not worked in a particular institute have no knowledge to give a comment.

As for your questions....

1) Fellowship in EM course in India lasts for 1 year. 1 year of full time work with exams and thesis. Sometimes an institute may arrange one extra year of international rotation in an ED in US or australia.
Certificate courses are usually online EM courses given by some institutes. They are usually for 6 months. They are not for anybody who is seriously interested in pursuing EM.

2) Course duration may last from anywhere from 6 months to 3 years. MD / MCEM programs are 3 years. Fellowship / Diploma are for 2 years.

3) Selection criteria differ in each institute. You need to contact the institutes directly for more info. Some have an entry exam, some have a 3 to 6 month probation period for selection, whereas some can be entered by paying an admission fee.

4) George Washington University / Ronald Reagan Institute of Emergency Medicine is an US organization affiliated to IIEMS. (It cannot be told whether it will help you get a residency in US)

5) SEMI is the central body for emergency medicine in India. It will be the future governing council.

6) There are a few more instititutes which offer EM related courses in Pune and Chennai. MD emergency medicine is also offered at Sri Vinayaka Mission Hospital, Salem.

7) EM residency positions in US are occupied by the top 4% of overseas doctors moving into USA. EM ranks as the one of the first choices for residents going from India. Therefore it is not easy to get into EM there.

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